02_bonus_additional-experiments

Additional Experiments

The table below adds experiments to answer additional questions about various design choices. The first row uses the same settings as the main chapter and is used as a reference. For example,

• comparing rows 1 and 2 answers the question: "What is the performance difference when we train the last or first token?";
• comparing rows 1 and 3 answers the question: "What is the performance difference when we train only the last layer instead of the last block?";
• and so forth.

 

	Model	Weights	Trainable token	Trainable layers	Context length	Training acc	Validation acc	Test acc	Training time	CPU/GPU
1	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120)	96.63%	99.33%	95.00%	0.28 min	A100
2	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	first	last_block	longest train ex. (120)	78.46%	80.54%	75.00%	0.28 min	A100
3	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_layer	longest train ex. (120)	78.65%	79.87%	72.00%	0.25 min	A100
4	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_two_blocks	longest train ex. (120)	98.85%	98.66%	98.33%	0.33 min	A100
5	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	all	longest train ex. (120)	99.62%	96.64%	96.67%	0.69 min	A100
6	gpt2-medium (355M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120)	87.50%	91.28%	84.67%	0.75 min	A100
7	gpt2-large (774M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120)	99.52%	98.66%	96.67%	1.50 min	A100
8	gpt2-xl (1558M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120)	99.81%	99.33%	98.33%	2.83 min	A100
9	gpt2-small (124M)	random	last	all	longest train ex. (120)	100%	96.64%	93.67%	0.69 min	A100
10	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	LoRA	longest train ex. (120)	100.00%	97.32%	96.67%	0.75 min	A100
11	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	context length (1024)	83.08%	87.92%	78.33%	2.46 min	A100
12	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	variable: no padding (batch size 1)	100.00%	98.66%	98.00%	1.75 min	A100
13	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	variable: no padding (batch size 8)	99.33%	98.66%	98.33%	1.70 min	A100
14	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120); but no causal mask	99.23%	98.66%	95.33%	0.29 min	A100
15	gpt2-small (124M)	pretrained	last	last_block	longest train ex. (120) and ignore_index for padding	96.63%	99.33%	95.00%	0.28 min	A100

 

Usage

You can use the following code to reproduce the experiments:

• Row 1: python additional-experiments.py
• Row 2: python additional-experiments.py --trainable_token first
• Row 3: python additional-experiments.py --trainable_layers last_layer
• Row 4: python additional-experiments.py --trainable_layers two_last_blocks
• Row 5: python additional-experiments.py --trainable_layers all
• Row 6: python additional-experiments.py --model_size "gpt2-medium (355M)"
• Row 7: python additional-experiments.py --model_size "gpt2-large (774M)"
• Row 8: python additional-experiments.py --model_size "gpt2-xl (1558M)"
• Row 9: python additional-experiments.py --weights random --trainable_layers all
• Row 10: python additional-experiments.py --trainable_layers lora --lora_rank 16 --lora_alpha 16
• Row 11: python additional-experiments.py --context_length "model_context_length"
• Row 12: python additional-experiments.py --no_padding --batch_size 1
• Row 13: python additional-experiments.py --no_padding --batch_size 1 --accumulation_steps 8
• Row 14: python additional-experiments.py --disable_causal_mask
• Row 15: python additional-experiments.py --ignore_index 50256

I've kept the LLM and dataset small on purpose, so you can run the training on a regular laptop like a MacBook Air M3 in about 15 minutes (for the default setting) in case you don't have access to a GPU.

 

Interpretation

1. Training the Last vs. First Output Token (Row 1 vs. 2): Training the last output token results in substantially better performance compared to the first. This improvement is expected due to the causal self-attention mask.
2. Training the Last Transformer Block vs. Last Layer (Row 1 vs. 3): Training the entire last transformer block is also results in substantially better results than training only the last layer.
3. Training the Last vs. Last Two Last Transormer Blocks (Row 1 vs. 4): Training the two last transformer blocks instead of only the last block results in a noticeable 3.33% accuracy boost.
4. Training Last Transformer Block vs All Layers (Row 1 vs. 5): Training all layers shows a modest improvement of ~2% over just training the last transformer block, but it requires almost three times longer in terms of training duration. Also, it does not perform as well as training only the last two out of 12 transformer blocks.
5. Using Larger Pretrained Models (Row 1 vs 5, and Row 1 vs. 7 and 8): Employing a 3x larger pretrained model leads to worse results. However, using a 5x larger model improves performance compared to the initial model, as was anticipated. Similarly, the 12x larger model improves the predictive performance even further. (The medium model was perhaps not well pretrained or the particular finetuning configuration works not as well for this model.)
6. Using a Model with Random Weights vs. Pretrained Weights (Row 1 vs. 9): Utilizing a model with random weights yields results that are only slightly worse by 1.3% compared to using pretrained weights.
7. Using LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) vs Training All Layers (Row 10 vs. 5): Keeping the model frozen and adding trainable LoRA layers (see Appendix E for details) is a viable alternative to training all model parameters and even improves the performance by 1% point. As it can be seen by the ~1% lower gap between the training and validation accuracy when using LoRA, this is likely due to less overfitting. Moreover, using LoRA is also slightly faster because fewer parameters have to be updated.
8. Padding Input to Full Context Length vs. Longest Training Example (Row 1 vs. 11): Padding the input to the full supported context length results is significantly worse.
9. Padding vs no padding (Row 1 vs. 12 and 13): The --no_padding option disables the padding in the dataset, which requires training the model with a batch size of 1 since the inputs have variable lengths. This results in a better test accuracy but takes longer to train. In row 12, we additionally enable gradient accumulation with 8 steps to achieve the same batch size as in the other experiments, which helps reduce overfitting and slightly boost the test set accuracy.
10. Disabling the causal attention mask (Row 1 vs. 14): Disables the causal attention mask used in the multi-head attention module. This means all tokens can attend all other tokens. The model accuracy is slightly improved compared to the GPT model with causal mask.
11. Ignoring the padding indeces in the loss and backpropagation (Row 1 vs. 15): Setting --ignore_index 50256 excludes the |endoftext| padding tokens in the cross_entropy loss function in PyTorch. In this case, it does not have any effect because we replaced the output layers so that the token IDs are either 0 or 1 for the binary classification example. However, this setting is useful when instruction finetuning models in chapter 7.