Dx_TimerInterrupt Library

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Table of Contents

• Important Note for Arduino IDE
• Why do we need this Dx_TimerInterrupt library
  • Features
  • Why using ISR-based Hardware Timer Interrupt is better
  • Important Notes about ISR
  • Currently supported Boards
• Changelog
• Prerequisites
• Installation
  • Use Arduino Library Manager
  • Manual Install
  • VS Code & PlatformIO
• HOWTO Fix Multiple Definitions Linker Error
• More useful Information
  • 1. Documents
  • 2. Timer TCB0-TCB4
• Usage
  • 1. Using only Hardware Timer directly
    • 1.1 Init Hardware Timer
    • 1.2 Set Hardware Timer Interval and attach Timer Interrupt Handler function
    • 1.3 Set Hardware Timer Frequency and attach Timer Interrupt Handler function
  • 2. Using 16 ISR_based Timers from 1 Hardware Timer
    • 2.1 Important Note
    • 2.2 Init Hardware Timer and ISR-based Timer
    • 2.3 Set Hardware Timer Interval and attach Timer Interrupt Handler functions
• Examples
  • 1. Argument_Complex
  • 2. Argument_None
  • 3. Argument_Simple
  • 4. Change_Interval
  • 5. FakeAnalogWrite
  • 6. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex.
  • 7. ISR_RPM_Measure
  • 8. Change_Interval_HF
  • 9. ISR_Timers_Array_Simple.
  • 10. RPM_Measure
  • 11. SwitchDebounce
  • 12. TimerDuration
  • 13. TimerInterruptTest
  • 14. multiFileProject New
• Example ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex
• Debug Terminal Output Samples
  • 1. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on Arduino AVR128DA
  • 2. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on Arduino AVR128DA to show accuracy difference
    • 2.1 TCB Clock Frequency Full clock for highest accuracy
    • 2.2 TCB Clock Frequency Half clock for high accuracy
  • 3. Change_Interval on Arduino AVR128DA
• Debug
• Troubleshooting
• Issues
• TO DO
• DONE
• Contributions and Thanks
• Contributing
• License
• Copyright

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Important Note for Arduino IDE

With some Arduino IDE versions, such as v1.8.19, upload directly via USB to some boards, such as Curiosity_AVR128DA48 or Curiosity_AVR128DB48 can't be done without unknown-to-me fix. We'll get the following error when uploading

avrdude: Version 6.3-20201216
     Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
     Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Joerg Wunsch

     System wide configuration file is "/home/kh/.arduino15/packages/DxCore/hardware/megaavr/1.4.10/avrdude.conf"
     User configuration file is "/home/kh/.avrduderc"
     User configuration file does not exist or is not a regular file, skipping

     Using Port                    : usb
     Using Programmer              : curiosity_updi
avrdude: usbdev_open(): Found nEDBG CMSIS-DAP, serno: MCHP3280041800002682
avrdude: usbdev_open(): WARNING: failed to set configuration 1: Device or resource busy
avrdude: Found CMSIS-DAP compliant device, using EDBG protocol
avrdude: usbdev_send(): wrote -5 out of 912 bytes, err = Input/output error
avrdude: jtag3_edbg_prepare(): failed to send command to serial port

avrdude done.  Thank you.

the selected serial port 
 does not exist or your board is not connected

We can use drag-and-drop method to drag-and-drop the compiled hex file to CURIOSITY virtual drive.

If success, The LED blinks slowly for 2 sec. The LED will blinks rapidly for 2 sec if failure

For example, to run Change_Interval example, use Arduino IDE to compile, and get the Change_Interval.ino.hex file. For Ubuntu Linux, the file is stored in directory /tmp/arduino_build_xxxxxx

After drag-and-drop the Change_Interval.ino.hex into CURIOSITY virtual drive, the code will run immediately if successfully loaded (LED blinks slowly)

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Why do we need this Dx_TimerInterrupt library

Features

This library enables you to use Interrupt from Hardware Timers on Arduino AVRDx-based boards (AVR128Dx, AVR64Dx, AVR32Dx, etc.) using DxCore

As Hardware Timers are rare, and very precious assets of any board, this library now enables you to use up to 16 ISR-based Timers, while consuming only 1 Hardware Timer. Timers' interval is very long (ulong millisecs).

Now with these new 16 ISR-based timers, the maximum interval is practically unlimited (limited only by unsigned long milliseconds) while the accuracy is nearly perfect compared to software timers.

The most important feature is they're ISR-based timers. Therefore, their executions are not blocked by bad-behaving functions / tasks. This important feature is absolutely necessary for mission-critical tasks.

The ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex example will demonstrate the nearly perfect accuracy compared to software timers by printing the actual elapsed millisecs of each type of timers.

Being ISR-based timers, their executions are not blocked by bad-behaving functions / tasks, such as connecting to WiFi, Internet and Blynk services. You can also have many (up to 16) timers to use.

This non-being-blocked important feature is absolutely necessary for mission-critical tasks.

You'll see blynkTimer Software is blocked while system is connecting to WiFi / Internet / Blynk, as well as by blocking task in loop(), using delay() function as an example. The elapsed time then is very unaccurate

Why using ISR-based Hardware Timer Interrupt is better

Imagine you have a system with a mission-critical function, measuring water level and control the sump pump or doing something much more important. You normally use a software timer to poll, or even place the function in loop(). But what if another function is blocking the loop() or setup().

So your function might not be executed, and the result would be disastrous.

You'd prefer to have your function called, no matter what happening with other functions (busy loop, bug, etc.).

The correct choice is to use a Hardware Timer with Interrupt to call your function.

These hardware timers, using interrupt, still work even if other functions are blocking. Moreover, they are much more precise (certainly depending on clock frequency accuracy) than other software timers using millis() or micros(). That's necessary if you need to measure some data requiring better accuracy.

Functions using normal software timers, relying on loop() and calling millis(), won't work if the loop() or setup() is blocked by certain operation. For example, certain function is blocking while it's connecting to WiFi or some services.

The catch is your function is now part of an ISR (Interrupt Service Routine), and must be lean / mean, and follow certain rules. More to read on:

HOWTO Attach Interrupt

Important Notes about ISR

1. Inside the attached function, delay() won’t work and the value returned by millis() will not increment. Serial data received while in the function may be lost. You should declare as volatile any variables that you modify within the attached function.

2. Typically global variables are used to pass data between an ISR and the main program. To make sure variables shared between an ISR and the main program are updated correctly, declare them as volatile.

Currently supported Boards

• AVRDA-based boards (AVR128DA, AVR64DA, AVR32DA, etc.) using DxCore

• AVRDB-based boards (AVR128DB, AVR64DB, AVR32DB, etc.) using DxCore

To be supported Boards

• AVRDD-based boards (AVR64DD) using DxCore

• tinyAVR boards using megaTinyCore

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Prerequisites

1. Arduino IDE 1.8.19+ for Arduino.
2. SpenceKonde DxCore core 1.4.10+ for Arduino AVRDx boards. . Follow DxCore Installation.
3. To use with certain example
   • SimpleTimer library for ISR_Timers_Array_Simple and ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex examples.

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Installation

Use Arduino Library Manager

The best and easiest way is to use Arduino Library Manager. Search for Dx_TimerInterrupt, then select / install the latest version. You can also use this link for more detailed instructions.

Manual Install

Another way to install is to:

1. Navigate to Dx_TimerInterrupt page.
2. Download the latest release Dx_TimerInterrupt-main.zip.
3. Extract the zip file to Dx_TimerInterrupt-main directory
4. Copy whole Dx_TimerInterrupt-main folder to Arduino libraries' directory such as ~/Arduino/libraries/.

VS Code & PlatformIO:

1. Install VS Code
2. Install PlatformIO
3. Install Dx_TimerInterrupt library by using Library Manager. Search for Dx_TimerInterrupt in Platform.io Author's Libraries
4. Use included platformio.ini file from examples to ensure that all dependent libraries will installed automatically. Please visit documentation for the other options and examples at Project Configuration File

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HOWTO Fix Multiple Definitions Linker Error

The current library implementation, using xyz-Impl.h instead of standard xyz.cpp, possibly creates certain Multiple Definitions Linker error in certain use cases.

You can include these .hpp files

// Can be included as many times as necessary, without `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
#include "Dx_TimerInterrupt.hpp"   //https://github.com/khoih-prog/Dx_TimerInterrupt

// Can be included as many times as necessary, without `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
#include "Dx_ISR_Timer.hpp"        //https://github.com/khoih-prog/Dx_TimerInterrupt

in many files. But be sure to use the following .h files in just 1 .h, .cpp or .ino file, which must not be included in any other file, to avoid Multiple Definitions Linker Error

// To be included only in main(), .ino with setup() to avoid `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
#include "Dx_TimerInterrupt.h"     //https://github.com/khoih-prog/Dx_TimerInterrupt

// To be included only in main(), .ino with setup() to avoid `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
#include "Dx_ISR_Timer.h"          //https://github.com/khoih-prog/Dx_TimerInterrupt

Check the new multiFileProject example for a HOWTO demo.

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More useful Information

1. Documents

1. Arduino 101: Timers and Interrupts
2. Getting Started with Timer/Counter Type B (TCB)
3. DXCore README.md
4. AVR128DA48-Curiosity-Nano-Hardware-User Guide
5. AVR128DB48-Curiosity-Nano-Hardware-User Guide

2. Timer TCB0-TCB4

TCB0-TCB4 are 16-bit timers

The AVRDx boards with 14, 20, 28 or 32 pins, such as AVRDx28, will have only 3 TCB timers, (TCB0-TCB2)

The AVRDx with 48 pins, such as Curiosity Nano AVRDA48, Curiosity Nano AVRDB48, will have 4 TCB timers, (TCB0-TCB3)

The AVRDx with 64 pins, such as AVRDA64, AVRDB64, will have 5 TCB timers, (TCB0-TCB4)

The number of TCB timers will be automatically configured by the library.

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Usage

Before using any Timer, you have to make sure the Timer has not been used by any other purpose.

1. Using only Hardware Timer directly

1.1 Init Hardware Timer

// Select USING_FULL_CLOCK      == true for  24/16MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
// Select USING_HALF_CLOCK      == true for  12/ 8MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
// Select USING_250KHZ          == true for 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer,  but worse  accuracy
// Not select for default 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer,  but worse accuracy
#define USING_FULL_CLOCK      true
#define USING_HALF_CLOCK      false
#define USING_250KHZ          false         // Not supported now

#define USE_TIMER_0           false
#define USE_TIMER_1           true
#define USE_TIMER_2           false         // Normally used by millis(). Don't use
#define USE_TIMER_3           false
#define USE_TIMER_4           false

#if USE_TIMER_0
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer0
#elif USE_TIMER_1
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer1
#elif USE_TIMER_2
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer2
#elif USE_TIMER_3
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer3
#elif USE_TIMER_4
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer4
#else
  #error You must select one Timer  
#endif

// Init timer CurrentTimer
CurrentTimer.init();

1.2 Set Hardware Timer Interval and attach Timer Interrupt Handler function

Use one of these functions with interval in unsigned long milliseconds

// interval (in ms) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
template<typename TArg> bool setInterval(unsigned long interval, void (*callback)(TArg), TArg params, unsigned long duration = 0);

// interval (in ms) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
bool setInterval(unsigned long interval, timer_callback callback, unsigned long duration = 0);

// Interval (in ms) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
template<typename TArg> bool attachInterruptInterval(unsigned long interval, void (*callback)(TArg), TArg params, unsigned long duration = 0);

// Interval (in ms) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
bool attachInterruptInterval(unsigned long interval, timer_callback callback, unsigned long duration = 0)

as follows

void TimerHandler1()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR
}

#define TIMER1_INTERVAL_MS        50L

void setup()
{
  ....
  
  // Interval in unsigned long millisecs
    
  // Timer TCB2 is used for micros(), millis(), delay(), etc and can't be used
  ITimer1.init();

  if (ITimer1.attachInterruptInterval(TIMER1_INTERVAL_MS, TimerHandler1))
  {
    SerialDebug.print(F("Starting ITimer OK, millis() = ")); SerialDebug.println(millis());
  }
  else
    SerialDebug.println(F("Can't set ITimer. Select another freq. or timer"));  
}  

1.3 Set Hardware Timer Frequency and attach Timer Interrupt Handler function

Use one of these functions with frequency in float Hz

// frequency (in hertz) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
bool setFrequency(float frequency, timer_callback_p callback, /* void* */ uint32_t params, unsigned long duration = 0);

// frequency (in hertz) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
bool setFrequency(float frequency, timer_callback callback, unsigned long duration = 0);

// frequency (in hertz) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
template<typename TArg> bool attachInterrupt(float frequency, void (*callback)(TArg), TArg params, unsigned long duration = 0);

// frequency (in hertz) and duration (in milliseconds). Duration = 0 or not specified => run indefinitely
bool attachInterrupt(float frequency, timer_callback callback, unsigned long duration = 0);

as follows

void TimerHandler1()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR
}

#define TIMER1_FREQ_HZ        5555.555

void setup()
{
  ....
  
  // Frequency in float Hz
  if (ITimer1.attachInterrupt(TIMER1_FREQ_HZ, TimerHandler1))
  {
    SerialDebug.print(F("Starting ITimer OK, millis() = ")); SerialDebug.println(millis());
  }
  else
    SerialDebug.println("Can't set ITimer. Select another freq. or timer");
}  

2. Using 16 ISR_based Timers from 1 Hardware Timer

2.1 Important Note

The 16 ISR_based Timers, designed for long timer intervals, only support using unsigned long millisec intervals. If you have to use much higher frequency or sub-millisecond interval, you have to use the Hardware Timers directly as in 1.3 Set Hardware Timer Frequency and attach Timer Interrupt Handler function

2.2 Init Hardware Timer and ISR-based Timer

// Select USING_FULL_CLOCK      == true for  24/16MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
// Select USING_HALF_CLOCK      == true for  12/ 8MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
// Select USING_250KHZ          == true for 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer,  but worse  accuracy
// Not select for default 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer,  but worse accuracy
#define USING_FULL_CLOCK      true
#define USING_HALF_CLOCK      false
#define USING_250KHZ          false         // Not supported now

#define USE_TIMER_0           false
#define USE_TIMER_1           true
#define USE_TIMER_2           false         // Normally used by millis(). Don't use
#define USE_TIMER_3           false
#define USE_TIMER_4           false

#if USE_TIMER_0
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer0
#elif USE_TIMER_1
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer1
#elif USE_TIMER_2
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer2
#elif USE_TIMER_3
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer3
#elif USE_TIMER_4
  #define CurrentTimer   ITimer4
#else
  #error You must select one Timer  
#endif

// Init ISR_Timer
// Each ISR_Timer can service 16 different ISR-based timers
ISR_Timer ISR_Timer1;

2.3 Set Hardware Timer Interval and attach Timer Interrupt Handler functions

void TimerHandler()
{
  ISR_Timer1.run();
}

#define HW_TIMER_INTERVAL_MS          50L

#define TIMER_INTERVAL_2S             2000L
#define TIMER_INTERVAL_5S             5000L
#define TIMER_INTERVAL_11S            11000L
#define TIMER_INTERVAL_101S           101000L

// In AVR, avoid doing something fancy in ISR, for example complex SerialDebug.print with String() argument
// The pure simple SerialDebug.prints here are just for demonstration and testing. Must be eliminate in working environment
// Or you can get this run-time error / crash
void doingSomething2s()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR every 2 seconds
}
  
void doingSomething5s()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR every 5 seconds
}

void doingSomething11s()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR  every 11 seconds
}

void doingSomething101s()
{
  // Doing something here inside ISR every 101 seconds
}

void setup()
{
  ....
  
  // Timer TCB2 is used for micros(), millis(), delay(), etc and can't be used
  CurrentTimer.init();
  
  // Interval in millisecs
  if (CurrentTimer.attachInterruptInterval(HW_TIMER_INTERVAL_MS, TimerHandler))
  {
    lastMillis = millis();
    SerialDebug.print(F("Starting ITimer OK, millis() = ")); SerialDebug.println(millis());
  }
  else
    SerialDebug.println(F("Can't set ITimer correctly. Select another freq. or interval"));

  // Just to demonstrate, don't use too many ISR Timers if not absolutely necessary
  // You can use up to 16 timer for each ISR_Timer
  ISR_Timer1.setInterval(TIMER_INTERVAL_2S, doingSomething2s);
  ISR_Timer1.setInterval(TIMER_INTERVAL_5S, doingSomething5s);
  ISR_Timer1.setInterval(TIMER_INTERVAL_11S, doingSomething11s);
  ISR_Timer1.setInterval(TIMER_INTERVAL_101S, doingSomething101s);
}  

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Examples:

1. Argument_Complex
2. Argument_None
3. Argument_Simple
4. Change_Interval.
5. FakeAnalogWrite.
6. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex.
7. ISR_RPM_Measure
8. Change_Interval_HF
9. ISR_Timers_Array_Simple.
10. RPM_Measure
11. SwitchDebounce
12. TimerDuration
13. TimerInterruptTest
14. multiFileProject

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Example ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex

Dx_TimerInterrupt/examples/ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex/ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex.ino

Lines 16 to 393 in 5da293e

	// Important Note: To use drag-and-drop into CURIOSITY virtual drive if you can program via Arduino IDE
	// For example, check https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/AVR128DB48-Curiosity-Nano-HW-UserG-DS50003037A.pdf
	#if !( defined(DXCORE) || defined(MEGATINYCORE) )
	#error This is designed only for DXCORE or MEGATINYCORE megaAVR board! Please check your Tools->Board setting
	#endif
	// These define's must be placed at the beginning before #include "megaAVR_TimerInterrupt.h"
	// _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ from 0 to 4
	// Don't define _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ > 0. Only for special ISR debugging only. Can hang the system.
	#define TIMER_INTERRUPT_DEBUG 0
	#define _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ 0
	// Select USING_FULL_CLOCK == true for 24/16MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
	// Select USING_HALF_CLOCK == true for 12/ 8MHz to Timer TCBx => shorter timer, but better accuracy
	// Select USING_250KHZ == true for 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer, but worse accuracy
	// Not select for default 250KHz to Timer TCBx => longer timer, but worse accuracy
	#define USING_FULL_CLOCK false
	#define USING_HALF_CLOCK true
	#define USING_250KHZ false // Not supported now
	#define USE_TIMER_0 false
	#define USE_TIMER_1 true
	#define USE_TIMER_2 false // Normally used by millis(). Don't use
	#define USE_TIMER_3 false
	#define USE_TIMER_4 false
	#if USE_TIMER_0
	#define CurrentTimer ITimer0
	#elif USE_TIMER_1
	#define CurrentTimer ITimer1
	#elif USE_TIMER_2
	#define CurrentTimer ITimer2
	#elif USE_TIMER_3
	#define CurrentTimer ITimer3
	#elif USE_TIMER_4
	#define CurrentTimer ITimer4
	#else
	#error You must select one Timer
	#endif
	// To be included only in main(), .ino with setup() to avoid `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
	#include "Dx_TimerInterrupt.h"
	// To be included only in main(), .ino with setup() to avoid `Multiple Definitions` Linker Error
	#include "Dx_ISR_Timer.h"
	#include <SimpleTimer.h> // https://github.com/jfturcot/SimpleTimer
	#ifdef LED_BUILTIN
	#undef LED_BUILTIN
	// To modify according to your board
	// For Curiosity Nano AVR128DA48 => PIN_PC6
	// For Curiosity Nano AVR128DB48 => PIN_PB3
	#if defined(__AVR_AVR128DA48__)
	#define LED_BUILTIN PIN_PC6 // PIN_PB3, 13
	#elif defined(__AVR_AVR128DB48__)
	#define LED_BUILTIN PIN_PB3 // PIN_PC6, 13
	#else
	// standard Arduino pin 13
	#define LED_BUILTIN 13
	#endif
	#endif
	#if defined(__AVR_AVR128DA48__)
	#define SerialDebug Serial1
	#elif defined(__AVR_AVR128DB48__)
	#define SerialDebug Serial3
	#else
	// standard Serial
	#define SerialDebug Serial
	#endif
	ISR_Timer ISR_Timer1;
	#define LED_TOGGLE_INTERVAL_MS 1000L
	// You have to use longer time here if having problem because Arduino AVR clock is low, 16MHz => lower accuracy.
	// Tested OK with 1ms when not much load => higher accuracy.
	#define TIMER1_INTERVAL_MS 5L
	volatile uint32_t startMillis = 0;
	void TimerHandler1()
	{
	static bool toggle = false;
	static int timeRun = 0;
	ISR_Timer1.run();
	// Toggle LED every LED_TOGGLE_INTERVAL_MS = 2000ms = 2s
	if (++timeRun == ((LED_TOGGLE_INTERVAL_MS) / TIMER1_INTERVAL_MS) )
	{
	timeRun = 0;
	//timer interrupt toggles pin LED_BUILTIN
	digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, toggle);
	toggle = !toggle;
	}
	}
	/////////////////////////////////////////////////
	#define NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS 16
	typedef void (*irqCallback) ();
	/////////////////////////////////////////////////
	#define USE_COMPLEX_STRUCT true
	#if USE_COMPLEX_STRUCT
	typedef struct
	{
	irqCallback irqCallbackFunc;
	uint32_t TimerInterval;
	unsigned long deltaMillis;
	unsigned long previousMillis;
	} ISRTimerData;
	// Avoid doing something fancy in ISR, for example SerialDebug.print()
	// The pure simple SerialDebug.prints here are just for demonstration and testing. Must be eliminate in working environment
	// Or you can get this run-time error / crash
	void doingSomething(int index);
	#else
	volatile unsigned long deltaMillis [NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
	volatile unsigned long previousMillis [NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
	// You can assign any interval for any timer here, in milliseconds
	uint32_t TimerInterval[NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS] =
	{
	5000L, 10000L, 15000L, 20000L, 25000L, 30000L, 35000L, 40000L,
	45000L, 50000L, 55000L, 60000L, 65000L, 70000L, 75000L, 80000L
	};
	void doingSomething(int index)
	{
	unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
	deltaMillis[index] = currentMillis - previousMillis[index];
	previousMillis[index] = currentMillis;
	}
	#endif
	////////////////////////////////////
	// Shared
	////////////////////////////////////
	void doingSomething0()
	{
	doingSomething(0);
	}
	void doingSomething1()
	{
	doingSomething(1);
	}
	void doingSomething2()
	{
	doingSomething(2);
	}
	void doingSomething3()
	{
	doingSomething(3);
	}
	void doingSomething4()
	{
	doingSomething(4);
	}
	void doingSomething5()
	{
	doingSomething(5);
	}
	void doingSomething6()
	{
	doingSomething(6);
	}
	void doingSomething7()
	{
	doingSomething(7);
	}
	void doingSomething8()
	{
	doingSomething(8);
	}
	void doingSomething9()
	{
	doingSomething(9);
	}
	void doingSomething10()
	{
	doingSomething(10);
	}
	void doingSomething11()
	{
	doingSomething(11);
	}
	void doingSomething12()
	{
	doingSomething(12);
	}
	void doingSomething13()
	{
	doingSomething(13);
	}
	void doingSomething14()
	{
	doingSomething(14);
	}
	void doingSomething15()
	{
	doingSomething(15);
	}
	#if USE_COMPLEX_STRUCT
	ISRTimerData curISRTimerData[NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS] =
	{
	//irqCallbackFunc, TimerInterval, deltaMillis, previousMillis
	{ doingSomething0, 5000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething1, 10000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething2, 15000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething3, 20000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething4, 25000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething5, 30000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething6, 35000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething7, 40000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething8, 45000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething9, 50000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething10, 55000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething11, 60000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething12, 65000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething13, 70000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething14, 75000L, 0, 0 },
	{ doingSomething15, 80000L, 0, 0 }
	};
	void doingSomething(int index)
	{
	unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
	curISRTimerData[index].deltaMillis = currentMillis - curISRTimerData[index].previousMillis;
	curISRTimerData[index].previousMillis = currentMillis;
	}
	#else
	irqCallback irqCallbackFunc[NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS] =
	{
	doingSomething0, doingSomething1, doingSomething2, doingSomething3,
	doingSomething4, doingSomething5, doingSomething6, doingSomething7,
	doingSomething8, doingSomething9, doingSomething10, doingSomething11,
	doingSomething12, doingSomething13, doingSomething14, doingSomething15
	};
	#endif
	////////////////////////////////////////////////
	#define SIMPLE_TIMER_MS 2000L
	// Init SimpleTimer
	SimpleTimer simpleTimer;
	// Here is software Timer, you can do somewhat fancy stuffs without many issues.
	// But always avoid
	// 1. Long delay() it just doing nothing and pain-without-gain wasting CPU power.Plan and design your code / strategy ahead
	// 2. Very long "do", "while", "for" loops without predetermined exit time.
	void simpleTimerDoingSomething2s()
	{
	static unsigned long previousMillis = startMillis;
	unsigned long currMillis = millis();
	SerialDebug.print(F("SimpleTimer : "));SerialDebug.print(SIMPLE_TIMER_MS / 1000);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", ms : ")); SerialDebug.print(currMillis);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", Dms : ")); SerialDebug.println(currMillis - previousMillis);
	for (uint16_t i = 0; i < NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS; i++)
	{
	#if USE_COMPLEX_STRUCT
	SerialDebug.print(F("Timer : ")); SerialDebug.print(i);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", programmed : ")); SerialDebug.print(curISRTimerData[i].TimerInterval);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", actual : ")); SerialDebug.println(curISRTimerData[i].deltaMillis);
	#else
	SerialDebug.print(F("Timer : ")); SerialDebug.print(i);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", programmed : ")); SerialDebug.print(TimerInterval[i]);
	SerialDebug.print(F(", actual : ")); SerialDebug.println(deltaMillis[i]);
	#endif
	}
	previousMillis = currMillis;
	}
	void setup()
	{
	pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
	SerialDebug.begin(115200);
	while (!SerialDebug && millis() < 5000);
	SerialDebug.print(F("\nStarting ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on ")); SerialDebug.println(BOARD_NAME);
	SerialDebug.println(DX_TIMER_INTERRUPT_VERSION);
	SerialDebug.print(F("CPU Frequency = ")); SerialDebug.print(F_CPU / 1000000); SerialDebug.println(F(" MHz"));
	SerialDebug.print(F("TCB Clock Frequency = "));
	#if USING_FULL_CLOCK
	SerialDebug.println(F("Full clock (24/16MHz, etc) for highest accuracy"));
	#elif USING_HALF_CLOCK
	SerialDebug.println(F("Half clock (12/8MHz, etc.) for high accuracy"));
	#else
	SerialDebug.println(F("250KHz for lower accuracy but longer time"));
	#endif
	CurrentTimer.init();
	if (CurrentTimer.attachInterruptInterval(TIMER1_INTERVAL_MS, TimerHandler1))
	{
	SerialDebug.print(F("Starting ITimer OK, millis() = ")); SerialDebug.println(millis());
	}
	else
	SerialDebug.println(F("Can't set ITimer. Select another freq. or timer"));
	//ISR_Timer1.setInterval(2000L, doingSomething2s);
	//ISR_Timer1.setInterval(5000L, doingSomething5s);
	// Just to demonstrate, don't use too many ISR Timers if not absolutely necessary
	// You can use up to 16 timer for each ISR_Timer
	for (uint16_t i = 0; i < NUMBER_ISR_TIMERS; i++)
	{
	#if USE_COMPLEX_STRUCT
	curISRTimerData[i].previousMillis = startMillis;
	ISR_Timer1.setInterval(curISRTimerData[i].TimerInterval, curISRTimerData[i].irqCallbackFunc);
	#else
	previousMillis[i] = startMillis;
	ISR_Timer1.setInterval(TimerInterval[i], irqCallbackFunc[i]);
	#endif
	}
	// You need this timer for non-critical tasks. Avoid abusing ISR if not absolutely necessary.
	simpleTimer.setInterval(SIMPLE_TIMER_MS, simpleTimerDoingSomething2s);
	}
	#define BLOCKING_TIME_MS 10000L
	void loop()
	{
	// This unadvised blocking task is used to demonstrate the blocking effects onto the execution and accuracy to Software timer
	// You see the time elapse of ISR_Timer still accurate, whereas very unaccurate for Software Timer
	// The time elapse for 2000ms software timer now becomes 3000ms (BLOCKING_TIME_MS)
	// While that of ISR_Timer is still prefect.
	delay(BLOCKING_TIME_MS);
	// You need this Software timer for non-critical tasks. Avoid abusing ISR if not absolutely necessary
	// You don't need to and never call ISR_Timer.run() here in the loop(). It's already handled by ISR timer.
	simpleTimer.run();
	}

---

---

Debug Terminal Output Samples

1. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on Arduino AVR128DA

The following is the sample terminal output when running example ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on Arduino AVR128DA to demonstrate the accuracy of ISR Hardware Timer, especially when system is very busy. The ISR timer is programmed for 2s, is activated exactly after 2.000s !!!

While software timer, **programmed for 2s, is activated after more than 10.000s in loop().

Starting ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on AVR128DA
Dx_TimerInterrupt v1.1.3
CPU Frequency = 24 MHz
TCB Clock Frequency = Full clock (24/16MHz, etc) for highest accuracy
Starting  ITimer OK, millis() = 13
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 10013, Dms : 10013
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5017
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10017
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 0
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 0
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 20072, Dms : 10059
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15017
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20017
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
...


SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 70376, Dms : 10062
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15000
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20000
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 24996
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 30000
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 35000
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 40013
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 45013
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 50013
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 55013
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 60013
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 65013
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 70013
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 80439, Dms : 10063
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15000
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20000
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 25000
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 30000
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 35000
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 40000
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 45013
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 50013
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 55013
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 60013
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 65013
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 70013
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 75013
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 80013

---

2. ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on Arduino AVR128DA to show accuracy difference

2.1. TCB Clock Frequency Full clock for highest accuracy

Starting ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on AVR128DA
Dx_TimerInterrupt v1.1.3
CPU Frequency = 24 MHz
TCB Clock Frequency = Full clock (24/16MHz, etc) for highest accuracy
Starting  ITimer OK, millis() = 13
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 10013, Dms : 10013
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5017
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10017
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 0
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 0
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 20072, Dms : 10059
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15017
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20017
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
...


SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 70376, Dms : 10062
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15000
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20000
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 24996
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 30000
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 35000
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 40013
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 45013
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 50013
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 55013
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 60013
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 65013
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 70013
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 80439, Dms : 10063
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15000
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20000
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 25000
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 30000
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 35000
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 40000
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 45013
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 50013
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 55013
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 60013
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 65013
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 70013
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 75013
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 80013

---

2.2. TCB Clock Frequency Half clock for high accuracy

Starting ISR_16_Timers_Array_Complex on AVR128DA
Dx_TimerInterrupt v1.1.3
CPU Frequency = 24 MHz
TCB Clock Frequency = Half clock (12/8MHz, etc.) for high accuracy
Starting  ITimer OK, millis() = 12
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 10013, Dms : 10013
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5015
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10015
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 0
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 0
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 20072, Dms : 10059
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15015
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20015
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 0
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 0
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 0
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 0
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 0
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 0
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 0
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 0
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 0
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 0
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 0
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 0
...

SimpleTimer : 2, ms : 80439, Dms : 10063
Timer : 0, programmed : 5000, actual : 5000
Timer : 1, programmed : 10000, actual : 10000
Timer : 2, programmed : 15000, actual : 15001
Timer : 3, programmed : 20000, actual : 20001
Timer : 4, programmed : 25000, actual : 25001
Timer : 5, programmed : 30000, actual : 30000
Timer : 6, programmed : 35000, actual : 35001
Timer : 7, programmed : 40000, actual : 40001
Timer : 8, programmed : 45000, actual : 45015
Timer : 9, programmed : 50000, actual : 50015
Timer : 10, programmed : 55000, actual : 55015
Timer : 11, programmed : 60000, actual : 60015
Timer : 12, programmed : 65000, actual : 65016
Timer : 13, programmed : 70000, actual : 70016
Timer : 14, programmed : 75000, actual : 75016
Timer : 15, programmed : 80000, actual : 80016

---

3. Change_Interval_HF on Arduino AVR128DA

The following is the sample terminal output when running example Change_Interval_HF on Arduino AVR128DA to demonstrate how to change High Frequency Timer Interval on-the-fly

Starting Change_Interval_HF on AVR128DA
Dx_TimerInterrupt v1.1.3
CPU Frequency = 24 MHz
TCB Clock Frequency = Full clock (24/16MHz, etc) for highest accuracy
Starting ITimer OK, millis() = 12
Frequency, Timer = 50
Time = 1001, Timer1Count = 49
Time = 2002, Timer1Count = 99
Time = 3003, Timer1Count = 149
Time = 4004, Timer1Count = 199
Time = 5005, Timer1Count = 249
Changing Frequency, Timer = 25
Time = 6006, Timer1Count = 274
Time = 7007, Timer1Count = 299
Time = 8008, Timer1Count = 324
Time = 9009, Timer1Count = 349
Time = 10010, Timer1Count = 374
Changing Frequency, Timer = 16
Time = 11011, Timer1Count = 390
Time = 12012, Timer1Count = 406
Time = 13013, Timer1Count = 422
Time = 14014, Timer1Count = 438
Time = 15015, Timer1Count = 454
Changing Frequency, Timer = 12
Time = 16016, Timer1Count = 466
Time = 17017, Timer1Count = 478
Time = 18018, Timer1Count = 490
Time = 19019, Timer1Count = 502
Time = 20020, Timer1Count = 514
Changing Frequency, Timer = 10
Time = 21021, Timer1Count = 524
Time = 22022, Timer1Count = 534
Time = 23023, Timer1Count = 544
Time = 24024, Timer1Count = 554
Time = 25025, Timer1Count = 564
Changing Frequency, Timer = 8
Time = 26026, Timer1Count = 572
Time = 27027, Timer1Count = 580
Time = 28028, Timer1Count = 588
Time = 29029, Timer1Count = 596
Time = 30030, Timer1Count = 604
Changing Frequency, Timer = 7
Time = 31031, Timer1Count = 611
Time = 32032, Timer1Count = 618
Time = 33033, Timer1Count = 625
Time = 34034, Timer1Count = 632
Time = 35035, Timer1Count = 639
Changing Frequency, Timer = 6
Time = 36036, Timer1Count = 645
Time = 37037, Timer1Count = 651
Time = 38038, Timer1Count = 657
Time = 39039, Timer1Count = 663
Time = 40040, Timer1Count = 669

---

---

Debug

Debug is enabled by default on Serial1 for Curiosity Nano AVRDA and Serial3 for Curiosity Nano AVRDB.

You can also change the debugging level from 0 to 4

// These define's must be placed at the beginning before #include "Dx_TimerInterrupt.h"
// _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ from 0 to 4
// Don't define _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ > 0. Only for special ISR debugging only. Can hang the system.
#define TIMER_INTERRUPT_DEBUG         0
#define _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_     0

---

Troubleshooting

If you get compilation errors, more often than not, you may need to install a newer version of the core for Arduino boards.

Sometimes, the library will only work if you update the board core to the latest version because I am using newly added functions.

---

---

Issues

Submit issues to: Dx_TimerInterrupt issues

---

---

TO DO

1. Search for bug and improvement
2. Add support to AVRDD-based boards (AVR64DD) using DxCore
3. Add support to tinyAVRDD-based boards using megaTinyCore
4. Add support to 250KHz Timer Frequency

DONE

1. Longer Interval for timers
2. Reduce code size if use less timers. Eliminate compiler warnings
3. Now supporting complex object pointer-type argument
4. 16 hardware-initiated software-enabled timers while using only 1 hardware timer
5. Add support to AVRDx-based boards (AVR128Dx, AVR64Dx, AVR32Dx, etc.) using DxCore
6. Selectable TCB Clock FULL, HALF depending on necessary accuracy
7. Fix multiple-definitions linker error
8. Optimize library code by using reference-passing instead of value-passing
9. Improve and customize examples for Curiosity Nano AVRDA/AVRDB boards to use on-board LED and SW
10. Add notes howto upload by drag-and-drop to CURIOSITY virtual drive
11. Using Serial3 for debugging with Curiosity Nano AVRDB, and Serial1 for debugging with Curiosity Nano AVRDA
12. Fix bug giving error when using TCB0 (USE_TIMER_0 == true)
13. Fix bug causing system crash when using _TIMERINTERRUPT_LOGLEVEL_ > 0

---

---

Contributions and Thanks

Many thanks for everyone for bug reporting, new feature suggesting, testing and contributing to the development of this library. Especially to these people who have directly or indirectly contributed to this Dx_TimerInterrupt library

1. Thanks to good work of Spence Konde (aka Dr. Azzy) for the DxCore and megaTinyCore
2. Thanks to LaurentR59 to request the enhancement Support for DX CORE CPU and MightyCORE CPU possible? #8 leading to this new library

⭐️⭐️ Spence Konde

LaurentR59

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Contributing

If you want to contribute to this project:

• Report bugs and errors
• Ask for enhancements
• Create issues and pull requests
• Tell other people about this library

---

License

• The library is licensed under MIT

---

Copyright

Copyright 2022- Khoi Hoang